Western scientists have generally focused on the sentience of mammals and birds, with increasing attention given to fish and invertebrate animals such as octopuses, crayfish, sea crabs, slugs, snails, bees, flies, and ants, according to David Mellor in their 2019 review of welfare-aligned sentience. Yet we can see the working of minds in the logic of behaviors.вЂќ Safina validates the emotions of nonhuman animals: вЂњWe can see brains, but cannot see minds. Carl Safina describes the emotional experiences of nonhuman animals from an empirical perspective, and gives examples of how they bond with family members, teach each other new skills, and care for each other. The circle of animals generally considered sentient is expanding all the time, and the idea of all animals as sentient would see a convergence of multiple types of knowledge: Western scientific, Indigenous, religious, and the perspectives of animal advocates. Adaora sees Ayodele вЂњnot with fear and skepticism-a rejection of the alien as somehow unbelievable or a hoax-but rather with a great degree of curiosity,вЂќ Jue states. In her 2017 analysis of Nnedi OkaraforвЂ™s вЂњLagoonвЂќ, Melody Jue argues that one of the Afrofuturist novelвЂ™s protagonists, scientist Adaora, resists вЂњwestern paradigms of scientific practice that are centered around the control and domination of nature-based on gendered forms of вЂknowing.вЂ™вЂќ Adaora does this by calmly confronting Ayodele, an alien whose people resemble coral reefs and Mami Wata deities. The idea of alien intelligence remains an important way in which authors reflect on prevailing ideas about sentience. In science fiction stories and popular culture, sometimes robots and artificial intelligence machines are also described as free-thinking, sentient beings. The Sentience Quotient, a term invented by Robert Freitas and published in 1984 in a science fiction journal, was originally meant as a tool through which to consider the intelligence of beings beyond Earth. The Sentience Quotient is measured quantitatively, based on the вЂњamount of data can process per unit timeвЂќ and вЂњthe overall mass needed to do that processing,вЂќ according to.

Sentience definition